playing/gaming and parts/whole. Figure from https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040
Differentiating Gamification From Other Game Studies
Proposed Definition For Gamification
After surveying literature on games and gamification, Deterding et al. identified five levels of game design:
Interface design patterns: Common interaction design components used for a known problem. Some examples include levels, badges, and leaderboards.
GamiCAD is an example of a gamified tutorial where they used levels as a game design element. Figure 2 shows the mission page, which is used to view the levels associated with the current mission. Each level is associated with a task that helps the user learn about different options and features that can be used in AutoCAD.
PeerWise is an online learning tool that uses badges (Figure 3) to help improve student participation.
A leaderboard (Figure 4) was used by IBM’s Beehive social networking website to increase the number of contributions that employees would make to the website.
Game design patterns or game mechanics: Reoccurring parts of the game that are associated with gameplay. Example game mechanics are time constraints, turns, and limited resources.
Game design principles: Evaluative guidelines used for approaching a design problem or when analyzing a design solution. Examples of game design principles are variety of game styles, clear goals, and enduring play.
Conceptual models of game design units: The models for the components of games or game experience. Some examples are MDA (Mechanics, Dynamics, and Aesthetics), CEGE (Core Elements of the Gaming Experience), challenge, and fantasy.
MDA is a game framework that is a formal approach to understanding video games. Mechanics are the rules for the game. Dynamics is the runtime behavior of the mechanics. Aesthetics are the desired emotional responses from a player when using the system.
CEGE are the conditions necessary to provide a positive experience when playing video games.
Game design methods and design processes: The practices and processes specific to game design like playtesting, which involves testing the quality of the game before it is released.
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Examples of Gamification
Web Archiving Livestream
Our web archiving tournaments are competitions between four web archive crawlers. The web archiving tournaments are currently single elimination tournaments (like the NFL playoffs) where if a team loses a match they will be out of the tournament (can no longer compete in the tournament). The winner of the tournament will be the team that has not lost any matches that they participated in.
Some of the future gaming concepts we plan on applying to the web archiving process are: single player mode, arcade mode, and tag-team mode. For single player mode, we could create levels for the crawlers similar to a single player game where a certain score is needed to reach the next level. The streamer or viewers would select a crawler to use when playing the levels and the higher the level the more difficult the web pages will be to archive.
Arcade mode will be similar to Street Fighter’s Arcade Mode where one character is selected and the user tries to defeat all of the other characters in the game. The streamer or viewers would select which crawler and replay system to use and then that team would compete against other crawlers and replay systems.
Summary
For our web archiving livestreams we have applied gaming concepts like speedruns and tournaments to the web archiving process. We plan on applying more gaming concepts to the web archiving process like having tag-team matches, single player mode, and arcade mode.